Healing from Loss

Grieving shared is halved, Joy shared is doubled

At some level we know death is a part of life, not the end of it.

Unfortunately our society sweeps the experience of death under a carpet, we don’t talk about it or discuss it with our children as we don’t want to upset them. We will only think about it when we are forced to, when it happens to us.

This naturally creates fear and apprehension around death, as well as leaving us at sea without knowing how to ‘Embrace’ it at the very best, and at the very least allow ourselves to grieve fully.

Interestingly, in some cultures, death is a celebration and the birth of a child is mourned, as they recognize the life ahead of them, with all its challenges, lessons and suffering as well as joy. When someone passes away however, they celebrate their loved one being free from the earth plane, liberated from suffering and pain.


Considering different perspectives helps us, and we all have different beliefs, experiences, religions and faiths. The big things in life, like birth and death, we cannot truly comprehend, and its a topic we are forever fascinated by, but some things cannot always be measured or recorded in scientific data.

This short video is by far one of the best monologues I have ever listened to, from a Dr who worked in ICU for years, savings lives, seeing death and life pass through his doors countless times. His account of what people say when being brought back from “the other side of the veil” is incredible. Watch HERE

Another beautiful take on loss, is this one HERE by Neale Donald Walsh, “We mourn our loss, not their death”. These reminders have got me through the hardest, darkest and most painful times during my grief, I hope they bring you and your loved ones some comfort and peace too.


Is there a right way to cry? A right way We are supposed to grieve?

I have spoken to those who have lost loved ones, and the experiences are naturally all different. Grief is so unique to you, the person who as passed, and your relationship to them, and no 2 losses will be grieved the same.

So no, there is no rule book to follow, no right way or time frame to adhere to. I have been shocked at the noises that have escaped my mouth as I move through the stages of grief, and I could not, and did not want, to stop them. Tears will flow at the most unexpected and inconvenient times. In the bread isle of Tesco for example. Then you realize you have ran out of milk, and didn’t buy any, and your anger is gigantic. Then you settle down, on your own, ready to grieve now, at this perfect time, but you feel peaceful, maybe numb. We cannot control something like this, just like we cannot control who we love.

We are taught not to cry, our society mutes emotions when they are “too much” too messy, too painful - it threatens chaos and suggests we have lost control… and to cry is to feel deeply - to wail, sob, scream. But this is our ever so wise bodies processing our pain, our hurt, our heart break. Crying releases the hormone oxytocin which is what we feel when we hug a loved one. Crying is our bodies giving us a hug, it re-balances our nervous system.

Is it a coincidence that grief comes in waves? Water, tears, healing us and carrying us through. This beautiful short piece I was sent by a lovely friend, explains the process so well, and allows us to surrender to this unavoidable process we all face at some time in our lives Click HERE to read.

Be gentle with yourself

“Little by little, we let go of loss, but never of love”

What can be uncomfortable is accepting help and support from others. In this vulnerable state we feel exposed, messy, seen, and imperfect. Our guard has been struck down, and we need to connect with the hearts and minds of those around us. More than ever we need to know we are not alone. Grief is terribly lonely, and so reaching out, and letting in is so healing for us.

A most beautiful and humbling experience is to allow friends and family, acquaintances and even strangers, to offer their love, empathy and support. The Japanese art “Kintsugi” is a beautiful philosophy about becoming stronger after hardships, with the love and acceptance of ourselves and from others.

Some people who have not yet experienced loss cannot imagine it, and it isn’t their fault. A common reaction to witnessing another persons grief is avoidance. It is painful but it is their reaction which often comes from fear. Fear of it happening to them, of not knowing what to say or do, not being able to tolerate heightened levels of emotions which may overwhelm and frighten them. The good news is the support available from GP’s, cruse and independent professionals who can support you, and guide your loved ones in how best to be there for you.

Grief is physical. Moving our bodies and working with them is a very healing things to do.

Walks, massage, gentle stretching, deep breathing - are all examples of ways to stay in your body as it digests and processes your emotions.

Cold water therapy is a wonder for me. Hayley Dorain runs Wild Sea Women, as well as workshops on the Whim Hoff method. Using the body mind and breath to heal, you learn the techniques to withstand the cold - and even enjoy it! As well as the breathing techniques to give resilience, strength and relaxation to body and mind. Click HERE for more. Learning how to tolerate the cold, get through discomfort and pain, is a bit like grief. You know the pain is won’t last forever, you will get used to it and warm up soon! - It flows like water, waves, and when we get out and our bodies heat up again we are reminded after each challenge, of our inner strength, the warmth that follows the storm, and that the pain and relief are both temporary - and we can weather it all.

“Joining with gold”

Kintsugi is the Japanese art of putting broken pottery pieces back together with gold — built on the idea that in embracing flaws and imperfections, you can create an even stronger, more beautiful piece of art. Every break is unique and instead of repairing an item like new, the 400-year-old technique actually highlights the "scars" as a part of the design. Using this as a metaphor for healing ourselves teaches us an important lesson: Sometimes in the process of repairing things that have broken, we actually create something more unique, beautiful and resilient.

How do you want to come out of this experience? How do you want to be changed because of it?

Life has no conclusions, it is a book without an ending. We will live with our grief and the pain will still be there, but with the cushions of our love for them.

To “get over it” means we get over the one we love, which we never wish to do. The tears we shed for them are the love we never got to express to them, so I will embrace the tears as they come and go for the rest of my life.

For now, make space, allow others to hold space for you too, and know your way is the right way, and there is a lot of support and empathy out there too. Allow the process, the transformation into your new “Kintsugi” self, and cherish the joyful happy days you still have ahead.

“We can do hard things” - Glennon Doyle.

How Massage Helps Build Our Immune System

Massage therapy helps build a healthy immune system, as research indicates.

Editor’s note: A healthy immune system is important at any time. This article is not suggesting that massage therapy, or any other known health care practice, can prevent coronavirus (COVID-19) or any other illness.

Health Benefits of Regular Massage

The health benefits of massage are well-known, and according to the Mayo Clinic include the treatment of soft tissue strains or injuries; headache relief; and help with digestive disorders.

“Massage is also great to increase circulation within the body, which improves tissue quality and allows people to move and function better,” Kipp Dye, MSPT, owner of OrthosportsMED Physical Therapy, states.

Crucially, massage therapy also relieves pain, which can significantly affect your immune response. Research confirms that pain has a significant immunosuppressive effect on the human body. Scientists have also found strong evidence that pain reduces the levels of important parts of the immune system that deal with infection and even help fight cancer.

Massage Improves Our Ability to Fight Disease

Clinical research also suggests that regular massage naturally increases the healthy immune system’s ability to kill certain cells, while decreasing the number of T-cells, for an improvement of the body’s overall immune function.

In this study, 20 HIV-positive men received five 45-minute massages per week, for a month. The participants showed both an increase in serotonin and in the cells that comprise the immune system’s initial defense against infection and disease.

“Theoretically,” said Dye, “[massage] allows for faster recovery due to increased circulation of the lymph and blood vascular systems,” said Dye.

Pregnant Women Experience Immune Benefits

A randomized controlled trial involving 52 healthy pregnant women examined whether aromatherapy massage offered immune-boosting benefits.

The women were split into two groups: one receiving 70 minutes of aromatherapy massage with 2% lavender essential oil every other week, the other no massage at all.

Researchers found that the group receiving aromatherapy massage showed significantly reduced levels of the stress hormone cortisol, and improved levels of other immune markers.

According to researchers, this study presents evidence that aromatherapy massage could significantly decrease stress and enhance immune function in pregnant women.

“The findings can guide clinicians or midwives in providing aromatherapy massage to women throughout the pregnancy,” the study’s authors wrote.

Even One Session Boosts Immune Function

Recent research from Cedars-Sinai finds that people who undergo even one session of massage experience significant changes in their immune and endocrine responses. The researchers compared the effects of either a 45-minute session of Swedish massage or light touch.

Participating massage therapists were trained in the delivery of Swedish and light touch using “specific and identical protocols.”

“Massage is popular in America, with almost 9% of adults receiving at least one massage within the past year,” said Mark Rapaport, MD, chairman of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences and lead study author, said in a statement.  

He emphasized, “People often seek out massage as part of a healthy lifestyle but there hasn’t been much physiological proof of the body’s heightened immune response following massage until now.”

Blood samples were collected at various intervals before and after each session, and researchers found that those who received Swedish massage experienced observable changes in lymphocytes, which play an important role in a healthy immune system that protects us from disease.

The Swedish massage group also had decreased levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP), a hormone associated with increased stress hormone (cortisol) levels, and a decrease in inflammatory cytokines, which are produced by infection-fighting white blood cells.

“This research indicates that massage doesn’t only feel good, it also may be good for you,” said Rapaport. “More research is ahead of us but it appears that a single massage may deliver a measurable benefit.” 

Does Massage Help Fend Off Cold or Flu?

Does this mean a relaxing massage session can help reduce your risk of catching a cold or flu?

Massage offers relaxation and stress relief, and when people are less stressed, they’re much less likely to fall ill. This is because chronic stress impairs your body’s inflammatory immune response, increasing your susceptibility to infection, according to research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Massage Has Immediate Benefits to a Healthy Immune System

Researchers recruited 34 post-surgery breast cancer patients, diagnosed with stage 1 or 2 breast cancer, to a massage therapy group receiving 30-minute massages three times per week for five weeks, or a control group.

On the first and last day of the study, participants were assessed for both their psychological state and levels of immune system markers in their urine samples.

According to the study findings, immediate effects of massage therapy included reduced anxiety levels, depression and anger, while longer-term benefits showed direct impact on the body’s immune markers — such as increased dopamine, improved serotonin values and better lymphocyte levels.

The researchers concluded that breast cancer patients experience significantly improved immune, NK-cell (natural killer cell) and neuroendocrine function after receiving massage therapy.

Massage and the COVID-19 Crisis

“There is still so much unknown about the coronavirus, but having a healthy, functioning immune system will always be helpful in reducing the effects of the virus, if contracted, and, could possibly be helpful in prevention of even contracting the virus at all,” said Vicky Karr, LMT, a CE provider and owner of Spa Success.

“Because massage therapy aids in improving the immune system, it is generally assumed that it could help reduce the risk of coronavirus infection,” she added.

However, according to Karr, because of the close bodily proximity between “a massage therapist and their client,” all of us should be following the “social distancing” guidelines that have been put into place, and not seek massage therapy until the pandemic has subsided.

Even after the pandemic is over, Karr emphasizes the important of frequent hand-washing — and that whenever you’re not feeling well, the best course of action is always to reschedule a massage appointment.

About the Author

- George W. Citroner is a freelance health journalist and author who covers breaking news in medicine and health for a broad range of publications.

Ayurveda Approach to health & weight loss

According to the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda, Agni, also known as digestive fire, is the key to health.


We are what we digest, rather than what we eat. When we eat incorrect foods and improper times, food is not fully digested, absorbed and used by the body, and instead stores as Ama (toxins). This build up is the cause of dis-ease. Improper digestion means lack of nutrition and energy.

In the West we cut calories to loose weight, when what we really need is to kindle our digestive fire, so we can burn through excess toxins stored in our cells and tissues, and digest the nourishment from our foods so we feel satisfied and energized. Build up of toxins impairs and blocks our lymph, circulation, and use of energy. Cold hands and feet, fatigue after eating and insomnia are all symptoms of impaired Agni.


Tips for boosting your Agni:

*Eat only when hungry, when your digestive fire is burning.

*Sip warm water with meals, avoid drinking large volumes of water before, during or after food as this dilutes and impairs the Agni

*Aim to have your biggest meal at lunchtime, when your agni is the strongest, and a lighter meal for dinner.

*Ideally finish your dinner 3 hours + before sleep, as eating late creates ama, and the digestion process will interrupt sleep.

*Mix a few crushed cumin seeds and half a teaspoon of cinnamon powder in a third of a cup of hot water. Drink before dinner to really ignite that digestive fire!

*Drink when thirsty only. Everyone’s bodies have different needs, instead of aiming for 2L a day, listen to your body and drink when thirst arises. This prevents impairment of agni, and allows for proper cell intelligence and communication.

*When eating, breathe deeply, and chew thoroughly. Your stomach should be 1/3 food, 1/3 water, 1/3 air. This allows for optimum digestion, without over burdening the stomach.

*Avoid ice drinks where possible, opt for warm water which acts as a natural cleanser for the body

*Ginger tea is a great digestive aid, to sip before or with a meal. Fennel is good to drink to support digestion 20+minutes after food.

*At night, gently massage the stomach with some oil, to promote healthy digestion and circulation

*Enjoy your food, and keep it varied, favor cooked over raw food, enjoy different tastes in order to satisfy your palette and prevent unhealthy cravings.


Practice listening to your body and responding to it’s needs. Drink only when thirsty, eat only when hungry. Aim to include all 6 tastes in your meals for optimal nutrition and digestion - Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, pungent & astringent.

Are we causing our own suffering?

There are many things that cause us upset, anger, disappointment and other negative unpleasant emotions. I’m sure we could very easily have a very full and humorous conversation about all the things that grind our gears!

It seems inevitable, to suffer, to have negative reactions and emotions - an unarguable fact of life some may say? - But what if we explore where this suffering comes from, with a new perception and understanding…

Two people are discussing the weather, one is complaining about the rain, “its cold, it ruins my hair, it’s miserable!” the other comments “I Love the rain! it is so refreshing, so nourishing and life giving, my garden appreciates it as much as me!”

The first person suffers when it rains, the second does not. What is it about the rain that is so bad? - This is where the human with an ego creates judgements and opinions. Rain is neutral. It is neither good nor bad, our reaction to it will name it and experience it as such. Expectation, preference, individual plans and wants all set us up for misery!

Another great example is traffic jams - a familiar frustration! So there you are, not moving. 4 hills of cars ahead of you, and no one is going anywhere. Curses and gritted teeth - it feels unfair, it’s not our fault, and it’s downright inconvenient! (More so a button pusher when we on the way to something, like a massage appointment!) However, the traffic jam is neither good nor bad. To one is it bad, he has been away from home and missed his family, this is cutting into his weekend with them. To another however, a blessing. She is buying more time and has a great excuse for not attending a night out she really doesn’t have the energy for! Neither can change the situation. Look into another persons car and you will see the same anger and impatience & reactions. This situation goes against our personal wants, and it makes us so mad!

This is essentially what the majority of suffering is - a situation or event or comment that disagrees with our individual beliefs, wants, preferences. The ego loves comfort, convenience, everything going its way - but as we all know life is rarely going to satisfy those desires all the time! If we get caught it the rain, we get angry because our clothes will get wet, we will feel cold! These are neutral events laced with emotion and reaction manifesting as suffering! We will dry off, we can do our hair again, we will warm up. A great practice when life throws us challenging situations, is to remember “this is neither good or bad, it just is” and watch your ego kick up a fuss, like a small child almost! Then let the ego’s preference go, and feel yourself calm down.  It is a much more peaceful way to live.

This isn’t super easy, and requires practice, patience and compassion for yourself. Use life’s small challenges, mosquito bites, missed buses, last biscuit gone, bad traffic, to exercise your ability to see these things as neutral, temporary events that pass like the clouds, where you can get mad or save your energy. Dropping our need to have our egos needs met is very liberating, and it builds a resilience to see us through the bigger challenges in life too.  

 

“You are the sky. Everything else – it’s just the weather.”  

― Pema Chödrön 

Essential Skincare Knowledge

Why should we be aware about what our skin digests…


skin.jpg

Usually when we hear “Bivalve” we think of molluscs! However in this case we are talking about our bodies largest organ, the skin.
Our skin is porous, it both secretes and absorbs, and countless studies show that what we put on our skin, ends up in our body. An example that surprises most people, is that within roughly 26 seconds of a product touching our skin, its in our bloodstream. The average number of chemicals found in a brand new babies umbilical chord are over 300!! That’s just from their mum using daily hygiene products, skincare and shampoo etc.


So what we put on our body, is just as significant as what we put on it. This is why it’s so important to pay close attention to the ingredients in our skincare.
Ingredients such as harsh, toxic chemicals, colors, and fragrances, those ingredients make their way into your body, your blood and lymphatic system. The majority of mainstream body care products contain a cocktail of carcinogenic chemicals, allergens, and irritants.
To eliminate a lot of toxic chemicals, preservatives, and fragrances that are harmful to our bodies, choose certified organic and natural skin care products.


It is important to read labels and become educated about what ingredients to avoid when selecting body care products. A good motto to go by is if you can’t pronounce it or have only seen it in a science class, don’t use it! Petroleum derivatives, preservatives, synthetic fragrances and dyes go by many names. A few examples of common ingredients to steer clear of are Cocoamidopropyl Betaine, Olefin Sulfonate, Sodium Luaroyl Sarcosinate, Potassium Cocoyl Glutamate, Sulfates, Parabens, and Phenoxyethanol.
Luckily there are more and more companies eliminating harmful substances out of our bathroom cabinets, of course my 1st recommendation is the award winning Tropic Skincare, totally toxin free, cruelty free and vegan, as well as producing zero carbon footprint. The range includes cleansers, powerful serums, make up, coral friendly SPF, deodorants and more. I am an ambassador for Tropic skincare, you can browse and purchase via the link below!


Another is from talented North East entrepreneur, Becca Rose of Becca Rose beauty! Check out Esperanca the beautiful organic, vegan friendly range, using fair trade and high quality ingredients, pure ethical luxury, made with care and compassion for all people, paws, and the planet. Links below!

Tropic Skincare Shop

Esperanca Shop

How to prepare for your first massage

For clients -

How to prepare for your first massage?

If you’ve never had a massage, the idea of a stranger touching you and seeing that extra bit of tummy fat, the funny-shaped birthmark, eczema, a few spots, or those knobby knees you’ve always been self-conscious of can prove to be anxiety-inducing. Rest assured, we couldn’t care less about that extra ten pounds you’ve put on since your holiday, and our sole focus is ensuring your first massage is as enjoyable, and beneficial, as possible.


Self-consciousness and anxiety keeps many people that could benefit from massage from ever walking through the door. So lets focus on just what you need to do to prepare yourself and enjoy that well deserved first massage.

Before Arriving

The most important thing you can do before arriving is to relax. Remember, this is an enjoyable experience that is designed to reduce stress and anxiety, not to cause it. Take a deep breath and assure yourself that this process will be a pleasurable one, and let your mind rest. All you have to do is lie there, we do the work!

To reduce stress and anxiety, it’s important to do your part in the hours leading up to your massage. Plan accordingly, and try to avoid the frenzied panic that rushing to meet your appointment causes. Remember to drink plenty of water, and to avoid eating within 2-3 hours of your scheduled massage so that your body has plenty of time to digest big meals. If you have a massage scheduled on a lunch break, keep it light, as the massage process itself could prove to be uncomfortable on a full stomach.

“So do I need to shower? Is my body weird? Will it be horrible for her/him to massage me? will I be covered? and will they see my bum? Good heavens, what if they touch my bum?!” (*if there’s pain in the back or hip, we may need to work on those muscles but don’t worry! You will have total modesty and comfort throughout) Relax, we don’t judge bodies, we care for them and are here to bring comfort and relaxation! Ok, so as long as you have had a recent shower or bath so you don’t stink, then don’t worry!

Upon Arrival

Let the massage therapist or the receptionist know you are there, try to relax and let your mind enter a restful state while you await your appointment to enter the massage room.

Once you enter the room, after a consultation to find out what you knead (sorry), the therapist will leave the room or provide you with the privacy needed to undress. Remember, the therapist will provide you with a towel or sheet to drape over the parts of your body that aren’t being massaged. Modesty is respected at all times.

Before the therapist begins, it’s important to communicate honestly and accurately with the professional providing the massage. Providing them information about problem areas that cause you pain, or that you’d like them to avoid, will ensure you get the best treatment for you. This is also a great time to provide your therapist with information such as whether you’d like to remain quiet (or some prefer to talk).

We don’t care about your leg hair. We don’t care about your rough heels, or your “weird toes,” or your need for a manicure. And, we don’t care about “back fat,” or cellulite, or if you’ve gained sooo much weight and you’re so embarrassed - I mean, we do care that you’re embarrassed, we want you to be comfortable in your body as it’s the only one you’ve got. If you’re seeing a massage therapist who’s been in business for a while, you’re probably seeing someone who loves their job and has seen literally thousands of bodies. Tall or short, big or small, broken or whole - We’re in this because of the amazing variety of human forms, because the body never ceases to be fascinating. So what I’m saying is this: When you come to a massage therapist, bring your body, and let us do our job. You don’t need to help move your limbs or your head unless the massage therapist asks. We’re strong, and we’re good at moving limbs around.

You don’t need to make small talk, or apologize for anything. Take this opportunity to listen to your body, and the communication that’s occurring silently between you and your body.

If the face cradle is uncomfortable, or if the room temperature isn’t right, or the music’s too loud, please say so. These things are easy to fix. If something hurts, or if you could use more pressure, I encourage you to speak up. When it comes to your body, you’re the expert in the room.

Above all else, relax and breathe normally. Try to relax your entire body and to become weightless while you enjoy your massage.

After the Massage
Getting up too quickly often leads to light headedness and dizziness, and sometimes fainting. Allow your body to relax and to slowly get up and dress. Drink some water, and be aware not to rush, or dash back into daily life.

Upon exiting the massage room, be sure to ask about scheduling more massage sessions. Massage has the greatest benefits with continued use, and the effects are cumulative, meaning that over time your body will begin to feel better, more relaxed, and help to reduce the effects of anxiety or pain with continued sessions.

So there we have it, share this with someone you know could do with a massage, but has yet to give it a try!

I look forward to seeing you soon in the massage room!

Click Here to book

Is your skincare ageing you?

Skincare - anti-ageing products - are we actually stressing our skin out?

For years we have been fed messages, adverts, &often solutions to problems we didn’t realise we had. The main one - ANTI-AGEING. The skincare industry is vast, and often overwhelming.

SO many companies promise us smoother, younger looking skin if we use their products. Have you read the ingredients before and been a bit bamboozled by the long names of almost impossible to pronounce ingredients?

Fortunately, the research and information is readily available and being shared widely - Synthetic and chemical laden products are doing more harm than good.

Our skin is our largest organ - and can absorb topical products in just 26 seconds! Straight into our bodies and circulation. We are organic animals, for want of a better description - and are not designed to absorb and digest harsh man-made ingredients. One example is Sodium lauryl sulphate - added to products to give a “fresh and clean” feeling. It is also used as a strong detergent to deeply clean things such as garage floors. It also strips our skin of its protective acid-mantle layer, disrupting the equilibrium and promoting dryness, irregular oil production, and uneven texture.

Many ingredients have been proven to be carcinogenic, and disruptive to hormones (!) and while there is a lot more regulation in our hair and skincare products, they still contain many chemicals that remain harmful to our skin. For benefits; at most they sink into the deeper layers of our skin, cause an irritation which temporarily smooths the skin. It can be quite terrifying when you research this deeper, to find out about the thousands of products and ingredients that are mainly synthetic chemicals. Scarily, tests have found that even umbilical cords have a few hundred chemicals in them, just from their Mother’s personal care products, and only in recent years have we been made aware of this! Toxins are ageing, they do not nourish, feed or protect. Anti-oxidants are like pacmen, who eat the toxins and protect you from their harm. They basically accelerate degeneration/ageing, and in a world where we are surrounded by enough pollution, it is best to minimise your exposure to excess toxins as much as possible.

Our society does have an unusual and slightly unhealthy approach to the ageing process - and it is very the opinion we hold about ourselves, as well as our own self-value. Youth is not our only intrinsic value - we must exfoliate this belief and invest our money in other ways that really do serve us. Skincare did actually start out as plant-based formulations years ago, used as part of self-massage and relaxation practices - but have since become laden with chemicals to extend their shelf life, increase profit, and be mass produced.

Quite simply, the best way to enjoy beauty, and be comfortable in our own skin, is through wholesome eating, (organic where possible, plant-based, plenty of water) avoiding excess sun exposure, good circulation (via gentle regular exercise), and utilising plants and herbs in diet and skincare.

Plants and essential oils come from nature, just like us. They have a natural compatibility to our skin, and their properties range from: Soothing and calming, reducing excess oil, stimulating circulation and cell renewal, hydrating, etc. Working with balancing and boosting your skins natural functions.

So what can we do?

Being more aware of ingredient labels, and checking out www.thinkdirty.app as well as their actual app,. “Clean Beauty” is another good app for your mobile for guidance on the best ranges for natural personal care.

For full toxin-free ranges, my favourite is the one I became an ambassador for, Tropic Skincare. Check out the range on the online shop from the menu! Also stay tuned or message me about natural homemade skincare blends.

Any comments and questions always welcome!

Love and wellness,

Amanda x